Vernesi C, Caramelli D, Dupanloup I et al. Article AAL thanks the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation. M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. Chiaroni J, King RJ, Myres NM et al. The number of STR marker values separating men in this group suggest G-PF3359 is a relatively old group despite the small number of men involved. Furthermore, the U1-specific sub-clade M527 is most pronounced among Ukrainians and Anatolian Greeks. Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category. The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. The 12f2a mutation, which characterizes haplogroup J, was observed in 445 subjects. The complexity is apparent in both the phylogenetic resolution and geographic patterning within hgs G and J2a. In 2009-10, Family Tree DNA's Walk through the Y Project, sequencing certain Y-chromosome segments, provided a number of new G SNPs with the L designation. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Nat Commun 2012; 3. de Knijff P, Kayser M, Caglia A et al. Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic. PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. Haplogroup H Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J : High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. The suggested relevant pre-historical climatic and archeological periods specified in conjunction with lineage-specific estimated expansion times are specified in the summary portion of Supplementary Table S4. Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language. [citation needed] The Madjar and Argyn tribes (or clans) of Kazakhstan were found to possess the highest levels of G-M201 among any modern ethnic group. Categories have alternating letters and numbers. Y-DNA Haplogroup G-M201 - Marres Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N et al. [43] L240 was identified in 2009. In the Greek island of Crete, approximately 7%[18] to 11%[19] of males belong to haplogroup G. The North Ossetians in the mid northern Caucasus area of Russia belong overwhelmingly to the G2a1 subclade based on available samples. Even more G SNPs were identified in 2009 to 2012 leading to more changes. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Among Jews in Israel drawn from many areas of the world, G-M377 constituted 3.7% in one study. It has been found in Mexican mestizos. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 313332. Haplogroup G represents one of the first peoples in Europe. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. No labs have yet assigned them shorthand names. A network analysis of representative hg G-P16 Y-STR haplotypes reveals a diffuse cluster (Supplementary Figure S2). The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective. Ann Hum Genet 2005; 69: 443454. The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. P287 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known in late 2007. There are distinctive Ashkenazi Jewish and Kazakh subclades based on STR marker value combinations. G2a1a persons also typically have higher values for DYS385b, such as 16, 17 or 18, than seen in most G persons. First, the G2a1-P16 lineage is effectively Caucasus specific and accounts for about one-third of the Caucasian male gene pool (Figure 2f). [15] Among the samples in the YHRD database from the southern Caucasus countries, 29% of the samples from Abazinia, 31% from Georgia, 2% from Azerbaijan and 18% from Armenia appear to be G samples. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. Network of 248 samples P303 derived from Supplementary Table S3. In 2012, SNPs with the Z designation as first identified by citizen researchers from 1000 Genomes Project data began to appear. Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau. In the G2a3b-P303 network (Figure 4), there are several region-specific clusters, indicating a considerable history for this SNP. The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME et al. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12: 855863. [Origin of European 3/6] First Farmer of Europe and Y-DNA Haplogroup G Unresolved G2a-P15* lineages occur across a wide area extending from the Near/Middle East to the Balkans and Western Europe in the west, the Caucasus (especially the South Caucasus) in the north and Pakistan in the east. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. Haplogroup G2a (Y-DNA) - Facebook "[3], Previously the National Geographic Society placed its origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). Taken as a collective group, P303-derived chromosomes are the most widespread of all hg G lineages (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 2b) and clearly display differential geographic partitioning between L497 (Figure 2c) and U1 (xM527) (Figure 2d). The Sea Peoples, from cuneiform tablets to carbon dating. [20] The city is on the banks of the river Drava, which notably begins in the Tirol/Tyrol region of the Alps, another haplogroup G focus area in Europe. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. RV thanks the European Union Regional Development Fund for support through the Centre of Excellence in Genomics, the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research for the Basic Research grant SF 0270177As08. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Blanco-Verea A, Brion M, Pascali VL : Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent duplication events at the DYS19 locus. In the Tirol (Tyrol) of western Austria, the percentage of G-M201 can reach 40% or more; perhaps the most famous example is the ancient remains of the so-called "Iceman", tzi. Samples have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait. volume20,pages 12751282 (2012)Cite this article. Age: About 7,800 years ago Origin: Eurasia Y-Haplotree. A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. The double 19 value situation is not seen in the G2a1 and G2a3 subclades. Two additional markers, DYS38829, 30 and DYS46131 were typed separately. Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T et al. Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 463470. The mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 10595022 and is a change from G to C. G-L30 (also G-PF3267, G-S126 or G-U8; G2a2b, previously G2a3) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 97889791. Amongst the Madjars, G1 was found at a rate of 87%. Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 694704. Nonetheless, coalescent times provide a valuable/informative relative metric for estimating the time of lineage formation. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. Circles represent microsatellite haplotypes, the areas of the circles and sectors are proportional to haplotype frequency (smallest circle corresponds to one individual) and the geographic area is indicated by color. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. In Europe west of the Black Sea, Haplogroup G is found at about 5% of the population on average throughout most of the continent. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. In the ten remaining populations, haplogroup diversity spanned from a low of 0.21 in Adyghes, to highs of 0.88 in Azeris (Iran) and 0.89 in eastern Anatolia and 0.90 in Armenia. The L91 mutation is found at 21327383 and rs35474563 on the Y-chromosome. [42] The technical specifications of M201 are given as: refSNPid is rs2032636..Y chromosome location of 13536923.forward primer is tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc..reverse primer is gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg..the mutation involves a change from G to T. A number of SNPs have been identified with seemingly the same coverage in the population as M201. Although the phylogenetic resolution within hg G has progressed,1, 17 a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of significant hg G sub-clades has not been conducted. The coalescent times (Td) of various haplogroups were estimated using the ASDo methodology described by Zhivotovsky et al,32 modified according to Sengupta et al.13 We used the evolutionary effective mutation rate of 6.9 104 per 25 years, as pedigree rates are arguably only pertinent to shallow rooted familial pedigrees,33 as they do not consider the evolutionary consequences of population dynamics including the rapid extinction of newly appearing microsatellite alleles. The discovery of new SNPs can result in assignment of new names to haplogroup categories. In Wales, a distinctive G2a3b1 type (DYS388=13 and DYS594=11) dominates there and pushes the G percentage of the population higher than in England. Thus, these estimates should be viewed as the upper bounds of dispersal times. First, we calculated haplogroup diversity using data in Supplementary Table S1 for the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44: 228239. [25], In the Middle East, haplogroup G accounts for about 3% of the population in almost all areas. G-CTS2488 or G2a2b2 (also known as G-L141.1; previously G-141 and G2a3b) was identified only in mid-2009 at Family Tree DNA. [36], G-PF3359 (or G2a2b2b; previously G2a3b2) was known prior to 2013 as G-L177. CAS EKK thanks the Russian Academy of Sciences Program for Fundamental Research Biodiversity and dynamics of gene pools, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for state contracts P-325 and 02.740.11.07.01, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grants 04-04-48678- and 07-04-01016-. In Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. Haplogroup G first locations (T. Kandell). [10], A skeleton found at the Neolithic cemetery known as Derenburg Meerenstieg II, in Saxony-Anhalt Germany, apparently belonged to G2a3 (G-S126) or a subclade. The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). Internet Explorer). A high percentage of G-Z1903 men belong to its subclade, G-Z724. Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E The oldest skeletons confirmed by ancient DNA testing as carrying haplogroup G2a were five found in the Avellaner cave burial site, near Les Planes d'Hostoles, in Catalonia, Spain and were dated by radiocarbon dating to about 5000 BCE. Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. G-M406* (G2a2b1*; previously G2a3a*) and its subclades seem most commonly found in Turkey and the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean where it can constitute up to 5% of all makes and 50% of haplogroup G samples. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. These Neolithic European were descendants of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, among some of the earliest peoples in the world to practice agriculture. Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA) Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. Distribution. Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM et al. Artefactual values below 0% values were not depicted. The G-P303 phylogenetic network was constructed using 248 G2a3b-P303-derived 19-locus haplotypes from populations representing Europe, Middle/Near East, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus and belonging to five sub-clades P303*, U1, M527, M426 and L497. Although the present-day frequency of G1 is low across its spread zone, the expansion time estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 192716158 years attests to considerable antiquity.