After the April 19 rioting, skirmishes continued in Baltimore for the next month. While the number of Marylanders in Confederate service is often reported as 20-25,000 based on an oral statement of General Cooper to General Trimble, other contemporary reports refute this number and offer more detailed estimates in the range of 3,500 (Livermore)[49] to just under 4,700 (McKim),[50] which latter number should be further reduced given that the 2nd Maryland Infantry raised in 1862 consisted largely of the same men who had served in the 1st Maryland, which mustered out after a year. How many were citizens of Maryland when they enlisted does not appear. [84] Easton, Maryland also has a Confederate monument. Camp Douglas originally served as a training facility for Illinois regiments, but was later converted to a prison camp. This Civil War presentation will use a life-sized mannequin dressed as a wounded Civil War soldier to discuss and demonstrate some Civil War-era (1860s) battlefield medical procedures and techniques. Because the state bordered the District of Columbia and the opposing factions within the state strongly desired to sway public opinion towards their respective causes, Maryland played an important role in the war. World War II was raging 3,000 miles away. They were filthy in the extreme, covered in verminnearly all were extremely emaciated; so much so that they had to be cared for even like infants.". Imprisoned in both Andersonville and Florence, Private John McElroy noted in his book Andersonville: a Story of Rebel Military Prisons that I think also that all who experienced confinement in the two places are united in pronouncing Florence to be, on the whole, much the worse place and more fatal to life. In October 1864, 20 to 30 prisoners died per day. First, Stuarts army demonstrated their control of Rockville by rounding up Union officials and taking them prisoner. War produced a legacy of bitter resentment in politics, with the Democrats being identified with "treason and rebellion", a point much pressed home by their opponents. Civil War medicine is discussed in relation to medical education of that era and in relation to 19th century medicine before and after the War. MARYLAND ESTATE CIVIL WAR REGIMENTAL FLAGPOLE EAGLE FINIAL, BOOK DOCUMENTED TYPE. Stuart crossed the Potomac River with 5,000 horsemen including artillery at Rowsers Ford and proceeded to ransack Montgomery County. "Through Storm and Sunshine": Valorous Vivandires in the Civil War, Point Lookout State Park and Civil War Museum. WebPoolesville Civil War Camps (1861 - 1865), at or near Poolesville Union garrison posts [25] After the occupation of the city, Union troops were garrisoned throughout the state. Questions? "[77][78] Some didn't recall hearing Booth shout anything in Latin. Visit places and meet people who faced decisions and experienced wartime during those tumultuous times 150 years ago. However, modern interpretation of the evidence suggests did in fact face real supply shortages. By the end of the war, 1 in 3 men imprisoned at Florencedied. Originally constructed to hold political prisoners accused of assisting the Confederacy, Point Lookout was expanded upon and used to hold Confederate soldiers from 1863 onward. civil War original matches. WebOver the nine years (1933 - 1942) the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) operated in Maryland , there was an average of twenty-one CCC Camps in the state and any given time, with 15 of these camps sponsored by the State Board of Forestry and located in State Forests and State Parks. WebColonial Wars Pequot War French & Iroquois Wars King Philip's War Pueblo Rebellion King William's War Queen Anne's War Tuscarora War Dummer's War King George's War French & Indian War Pontiac's Rebellion Lord Dunmore's War American Wars Revolutionary War Tripolitan War Tecumseh's War War of 1812 Creek Indian War The First Seminole War Civil War era Rare Officer's Traveling Inkwell with [18], Responding to pressure, on April 22 Governor Hicks finally announced that the state legislature would meet in a special session in Frederick, a strongly pro-Union town, rather than the state capital of Annapolis. They resemble, in many respects, patients laboring under cretinism. [57] When the prisoners were taken, many men recognized former friends and family. We Were There, Too: Nurses in the Civil War Reenactor: Candace Ridington. In a letter explaining his actions, Booth wrote: I have ever held the South was right. The singular actions of Clara Barton, Julia Ward Howe, Sarah Josepha Hale, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Harriet Tubman led to their prominence during the war, and launched them into successful public roles following the conflict. WebThe Heart of the Civil War Heritage Area is ideally positioned to serve as your "base camp" for driving the popular Civil War Trails and visiting the battlefields and sites of Antietam, Gettysburg, Monocacy, South Mountain, Harpers Ferry, Baltimore and Washington, D.C. Elmira Prison, also known as "Hellmira," opened in July of 1864. [45] This is the only time in United States military history that two regiments of the same numerical designation and from the same state have engaged each other in battle. Despite some popular support for the cause of the Confederate States of America, Maryland did not secede during the Civil War. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This reenactment portrays the nurse professions early challenges, its rewards and sadness, and a glimpse of other nurses whose names are known to us through their journals. Stay up-to-date on the American Battlefield Trust's battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and more. Although tactically inconclusive, the Battle of Antietam is considered a strategic Union victory and an important turning point of the war, because it forced the end of Lee's invasion of the North, and it allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, taking effect on January 1, 1863. The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 56,000 acres in 25 states! [citation needed] However, the constitution secured ratification once the votes of Union army soldiers from Maryland were included. The order came again from Lincoln's Secretary of State Seward. This represented 25% of the Federal force and 31% of the Confederate. It was the largest Union POW camp and one of the most secure, as it was [64], The armies met near the town of Sharpsburg by the Antietam Creek. A further 3,925 Marylanders, not differentiated by race, served as sailors or marines. Confederate forces under Lt. Gen. Jubal A. August 17 Union troops withdraw from the town to the Maryland shore. Songs and Stories from the Blue and the Gray Speaker: Patrick Lacefield. He was in charge of a temporary Army General Hospital in Rockville, treating the wounded after the Battle of Antietam (1862), and also treated the ill soldiers of the 6th Michigan Cavalry Regiment in Rockville (1863) prior to its heroic efforts during the Battle of Gettysburg. Human error in the form of overcrowding the camps a frequent cause of widespread disease is to blame for many of the deaths at Point Lookout, Alton, and Salisbury. WebCivil War Campsites in Maryland C&O Canal Campgrounds. "The Lincoln Administration and Freedom of the Press in Civil War Maryland." The poet Walt Whitman was driven to comment on the shocking living arrangements at Belle Isle after encountering surviving prisoners, appalled at "the measureless torments of thehelpless young men, with all their humiliations, hunger, cold, filth, despair, hope utterly given out, and the more and more frequent mental imbecility.". A similar disregard for human life developed at Camp Douglas, also known as the Andersonville of the North." Of the Trimble count, McKim states The estimate above alluded to, of 20,000 Marylanders in the Confederate service, rests apparently upon no better basis than an oral statement of General Cooper to General Trimble, in which he said he believed that the muster rolls would show that about 20,000 men in the Confederate army had given the State of Maryland as the place of their nativity. Most of the men enlisted into regiments from Virginia or the Carolinas, but six companies of Marylanders formed at Harpers Ferry into the Maryland Battalion. Plumb will cover highlights of the womens contributions, their legacies, and their defining qualities such as courage, self-assurance, and persistence that led to their successes. Some soldiers fared better in terms of shelter, clothing, rations, and overall treatment by their captors. Rockvilles divisions over slavery and the war can serve as an illustration of the divisions in Maryland and the United States as a whole. [62] The battle was the culmination of Robert E. Lee's Maryland Campaign, which aimed to take the war to the North. The speaker brings a doctors bag from 1885 containing example medical instruments of the Civil War and the 1800s for show and tell. I therefore hope and trust and most earnestly request that no more troops be permitted or ordered by the Government to pass through the city. [45] It was agreed that Arnold Elzey, a seasoned career officer from Maryland, would command the 1st Maryland Regiment. The American Battlefield Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. For a time it looked as if Maryland was one provocation away from joining the rebels, but Lincoln moved swiftly to defuse the situation, promising that the troops were needed purely to defend Washington, not to attack the South. One prisoner in seven died, for a total of 4,200 deaths by 1865. [43] The provisions of May's bill were included in the March 1863 Habeas Corpus Act, in which Congress finally authorized Lincoln to suspend habeas corpus, but required actual indictments for suspected traitors. Because Maryland had not seceded from the United States the state was not included under the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, which declared that all enslaved people within the Confederacy would henceforth be free. Murphy v. Porter. Confederate States Army bands would later play the song after they crossed into Maryland territory during the Maryland Campaign in 1862.[13]. After Atlanta fell to Union forces in September 1864, Confederates forces scrabbled to scatter the 30,000 Union soldiers imprisoned at Andersonville Prison in Macon County, Georgia. In July 1864 the Battle of Monocacy was fought near Frederick, Maryland as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864. The destruction was accomplished the next day. Stuarts actions proved a catastrophe for the Confederacy because he should have been with Robert E. Lees army in Pennsylvania. Archaeological work is continuing on the only blockhouse now located on county park land at Blockhouse Point. Join this descendant of Civil War veterans, who shares songs and stories from the War Between the States, wearing both blue and gray, and accompanying himself on guitar. [5] Frederick would later be extorted by Jubal Early, who threatened to burn down the city if its residents did not pay a ransom. [53] The Aftermath of Battle; All the Fighting They See chart and explanation, p. 550. Camp Washington (3) - A Union U.S. Civil War Camp in New York (1861-1862). [68] Quartermaster John Howard recalled that Steuart performed "seventeen double somersaults" all the while whistling Maryland, My Maryland. The Man Who (Almost) Conquered Washington: Gen. John McCauslandSpeaker: James H. Johnston. [8] Other residents, and a majority of the legislature, wished to remain in the Union, but did not want to be involved in a war against their southern neighbors, and sought to prevent a military response by Lincoln to the South's secession. The areas of Southern and Eastern Shore Maryland, especially those on the Chesapeake Bay (which neighbored Virginia), which had prospered on the tobacco trade and slave labor, were generally sympathetic to the South, while the central and western areas of the state, especially Marylanders of German origin,[5] had stronger economic ties to the North and thus were pro-Union. [9], After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, many citizens began forming local militias, determined to prevent a future slave uprising. During this period in spring 1861, Baltimore Mayor Brown,[31] the city council, the police commissioner, and the entire Board of Police were arrested and imprisoned at Fort McHenry without charges. (PowerPoint presentation.). Headings - Maryland--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Maps - Maryland Campaign, 1862--Maps - United States--Maryland Notes Belle Isle operated from 1862 to 1865. WebThe Civil War Camps at Muddy Branch and the Outpost Camp and Blockhouse at [76] Other witnesses including Booth himself claimed that he only yelled "Sic semper! They remembered themselves in monuments through their generals. A Field Guide to Civil War Statues in WashingtonSpeaker: James H. Johnston. Provided by Touchpoints Contact Info Mailing Address: Visit the battlefields & sites of Antietam, Gettysburg, Monocacy, South Mountain, Harpers Ferry, Baltimore & Washington, DC. In September 1863, Rebel prisoners totaled 4,000 men. Alton Federal Prison, originally a civilian criminal prison, also exhibited the same sort of horrifying conditions brought on by overcrowding. "Southern sympathies: The Civil War on Maryland's eastern shore" (Thesis. There was much less appetite for secession than elsewhere in the Southern States (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Alabama Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, Tennessee) or in the border states (Kentucky and Missouri),[2] but Maryland was equally unsympathetic towards the potentially abolitionist position of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln. [12] Panicked by the situation, several soldiers fired into the mob, whether "accidentally", "in a desultory manner", or "by the command of the officers" is unclear. Web18CH305 Introduction Camp Stanton describes the US Colored Troop Civil War military encampment on the Patuxent River in Charles County, Maryland. Maryland Humanities Council (2001). On the night of June 27, 1863, Confederate General J.E.B. All along the East Coast blackout drills were preparing citizens against Hitlers Luftwaffe that were blitzing London. It is located along the coast of Maryland only five feet above sea level, on approximately 30 acres of level land. George P. McClelland served with the 155th Pennsylvania Infantry, Army of the Potomac, from August 1862 to his discharge in June 1865. WebCivil War Camps in and Near Howard County, Maryland. WebCivil War Prison Camps Suffering and Survival Harpers Weekly depiction of Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. If I am attacked to-night, please open upon Monument Square with your mortars. Of the 11,764 Confederates who entered Alton Federal Prison, no fewer than 1,500 perished as result of various diseases and aliments. Overcrowding was yet again a major problem. "Teaching American History in Maryland Documents for the Classroom: Maryland, A Middle Temperament: 16341980, Inside Lincoln's White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay, "History of the Federal Judiciary: Circuit Court of the District of Columbia: Legislative History", "Suspension of Civil Liberties in Maryland", "Abraham Lincoln and Treason in the Civil War: The Trials of John Merryman", "Why do people believe myths about the Confederacy? However, Wallace delayed Early for nearly a full day, buying enough time for Ulysses S. Grant to send reinforcements from the Army of the Potomac to the Washington defenses. Prisoners relied upon their own ingenuity for constructing drafty and largely inadequate shelters consisting of sticks, blankets, and logs. Arrests of Confederate sympathizers and those critical of Lincoln and the war soon followed, and Steuart's brother, the militia general George H. Steuart, fled to Charlottesville, Virginia, after which much of his family's property was confiscated by the Federal Government. In the presidential election of 1860 Lincoln won just 2,294 votes out of a total of 92,421, only 2.5% of the votes cast, coming in at a distant fourth place with Southern Democrat (and later Confederate general) John C. Breckinridge winning the state. Whether this was due to local sympathy with the Union cause or the generally ragged state of the Confederate army, many of whom had no shoes, is not clear. [60] Hagerstown too would also suffer a similar fate. The document, which replaced the Maryland Constitution of 1851, was largely advocated by Unionists who had secured control of the state, and was framed by a Convention which met at Annapolis in April 1864. [58], Among the prisoners captured by William Goldsborough was his own brother Charles Goldsborough. Although Union leadership mandated a ceiling of 4,000 prisoners at Elmira, within a month of its opening that numbered had swelled to 12,123 men. Approximately a tenth as many enlisted to "go South" and fight for the Confederacy. Upon inspecting the camp, the U.S Sanitary Commission reported that the the amount of standing water, of unpoliced grounds, of foul sinks, of general disorder, of soil reeking with miasmic accretions, of rotten bones and emptying of camp kettles..was enough to drive a sanitarian mad." Most Marylanders fought for the Union, but after the war a number of memorials were erected in sympathy with the Lost Cause of the Confederacy, including in Baltimore a Confederate Women's Monument, and a Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument. One month later in October 1861 one John Murphy asked the United States Circuit Court for the District of Columbia to issue a writ of habeas corpus for his son, then in the United States Army, on the grounds that he was underage. Salisbury marks a prime example of the effects that overcrowding had on prison populations, especially given the stark contrast in its camp death rate. WebColonial Wars Pequot War French & Iroquois Wars King Philip's War Pueblo Rebellion King William's War Queen Anne's War Tuscarora War Dummer's War King George's War French & Indian War Pontiac's Rebellion Lord Dunmore's War American Wars Revolutionary War Tripolitan War Tecumseh's War War of 1812 Creek Indian War The First Seminole War History of Maryland From the Earliest Period to the Present Day. The city was in panic. A brochure published by the home in the 1890s described it as: a haven of rest to which they may retire and find refuge, and, at the same time, lose none of their self-respect, nor suffer in the estimation of those whose experience in life is more fortunate.[83]. Suitable for adults and young adults. One notable Maryland front line regiment was the 2nd Maryland Infantry, which saw considerable combat action in the Union IX Corps. The battlefield medical care offered to Americas military today has its roots firmly planted in the innovative medical care of the American Civil War. Despite the controversy, there can be little doubt that Andersonville was the Civil War's most infamous and deadly prison camp. To serve as early warning stations on bluffs overlooking the Potomac, Union troops built a series of blockhouses. Hatboro, PA: Tradition Press, Whitman H. Ridgway. It will bust some 150 year old myths, such as Civil War soldiers being awake and biting on bullets during surgery. WebBetween 1861 and 1865, American Civil War prison camps were operated by the Union The battle of Antietam stopped the Confederate Army's first march to the north and produced He never shows in the day time & is cautious who sees him at any time.[56]. as the first southern city occupied by the Union Army. This program lasts about 45 to 50 minutes, is suitable for adults and young adults, and could be used in classrooms. ", Cannon, Jessica Ann. Learn about the Underground Railroad Movement by seeing short dramatic portraits of those involved (and some opposed), both anonymous and known. The battle of Antietam, though tactically a draw, was strategically enough of a Union victory to give Lincoln the opportunity to issue, in September 1862, the Emancipation Proclamation. 45-50 minutes. Disappointingly for the exiles, recruits did not flock to the Confederate banner. The very nomination of Abraham Lincoln, four years ago, spoke plainly war upon Southern rights and institutions And looking upon African Slavery from the same stand-point held by the noble framers of our constitution, I for one, have ever considered it one of the greatest blessings (both for themselves and us,) that God has ever bestowed upon a favored nation I have also studied hard to discover upon what grounds the right of a State to secede has been denied, when our very name, United States, and the Declaration of Independence, both provide for secession.[80]. "[79]:48 Others thought they heard him say "Revenge for the South!" civil War original matches. But what was Earlys aim, and how close did he come to taking the city and ending the war? WebDuring the Civil War Era, Point Lookout was first a hospital for wounded Union soldiers and then a Civil War prison camp for captured Confederate soldiers. Camp Washington (4) - A Union U.S. Civil War Camp in Kentucky (1861). However, a number of leading citizens, including physician and slaveholder Richard Sprigg Steuart, placed considerable pressure on Governor Hicks to summon the state Legislature to vote on secession, following Hicks to Annapolis with a number of fellow citizens: to insist on his [Hicks] issuing his proclamation for the Legislature to convene, believing that this body (and not himself and his party) should decide the fate of our stateif the Governor and his party continued to refuse this demand that it would be necessary to depose him. It was 1942. Situated on a 54-acre island within the James River, a stone's throw away from the Confederate capital of Richmond, Belle Isle received the ire of Northern politicians and poets alike. WebCivil War Black Wilderness Trapper Stereoview Hunting Musket Powder Horn Rare + $10.75 shipping. Between 1861 and 1865, some 29 Union regiments from 13 states stationed at Muddy Branch guarded the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Potomac River crossings in the general area between Seneca and Pennyfield Locks. Lastly, Stuarts army captured and controlled a large Union wagon train laden with supplies, which became a significant impediment to Stuarts expeditious travel onward to Pennsylvania. WebMaryland in the American Civil War. Jubal Earlys Attack on WashingtonSpeaker: James H. Johnston. Union camp leadership was largely to blame for the death toll. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Confederate States presidential election of 1861, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=1142195385, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Scharf, J. Thomas (1967 (reissue of 1879 ed.)). [34] Indeed, when Lincoln's dismissal of Chief Justice Taney's ruling was criticized in a September 1861 editorial by Baltimore newspaper editor Frank Key Howard (Francis Scott Key's grandson), Howard was himself arrested by order of Lincoln's Secretary of State Seward and held without trial. Most prisoners had already been imprisoned in Andersonville. [45] Among them were members of the former volunteer militia unit, the Maryland Guard Battalion, initially formed in Baltimore in 1859. WebBegun in 1863 with the support of the Union League, eleven regiments were formed at Camp William Penn, the first Pennsylvania camp for volunteer African American regiments. (2021), Schoeberlein, Robert W. "'A Record of Heroism': Baltimores Unionist Women in the Civil War", This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 01:19. [55] Later in 1861, Baltimore resident W W Glenn described Steuart as a fugitive from the authorities: I was spending the evening out when a footstep approached my chair from behind and a hand was laid upon me. WebDuring the Civil War, Baltimore had 44 forts, batteries, redoubts, and armed camps, and about 20 unarmed camps (hospitals, POW, etc.) [8] Butler fortified his position and trained his guns upon the city, threatening its destruction. I have been researching Losses were extremely heavy on both sides; The Union suffered 12,401 casualties with 2,108 dead. The 1860 Census reported the chief destinations of internal immigrants from Maryland as Ohio and Pennsylvania, followed by Virginia and the District of Columbia. [82] A home for retired Confederate soldiers in Pikesville, Maryland opened in 1888 and did not close until 1932. [3][32] One of those arrested was militia captain John Merryman, who was held without trial in defiance of a writ of habeas corpus on May 25, sparking the case of Ex parte Merryman, heard just 2 days later on May 27 and 28. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. This history of the 1st U.S.C.T., credited to the District of Columbia contains roster on pp. I don't want to issue a document the whole world will see must be inoperative, like the Pope's Bull against a comet. But on July 10, Confederate General Jubal Early rode intoRockvillewith 15,000 men headed for Washington D.C. 3. They built numerous campgrounds on this inhospitable mountain that lacked water, level ground, or adequate sanitation conditions. Send Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields Your Gift Tripled! Book sales and signings can be included, with all of the sales proceeds going to Montgomery History. His neighbors are so bitter against him that he dare not go home, and he committed himself so decidedly on the 19th April and is known to be so decided a Southerner, that it more than likely he would be thrown into a Fort. Communicable diseases such as smallpox and rubella swept through Alton Prison like wild fire, killing hundreds. [47], Captain Bradley T. Johnson refused the offer of the Virginians to join a Virginia Regiment, insisting that Maryland should be represented independently in the Confederate army. 56,000 men died in prison camps over the course of the war, accounting for roughly 10% of the war's total death toll and exceeding American combat losses in World War I, Korea, and Vietnam. [10] Soldiers from Pennsylvania and Massachusetts were transported by rail to Baltimore, where they had to disembark, march through the city, and board another train to continue their journey south to Washington.[11]. 228-259 listing more than 300 men born in Maryland. WebThirty pen and ink maps of the Maryland Campaign, 1862 : drawn from descriptive readings and map fragments Names Russell, Robert E. L. Created / Published Baltimore : Robert E. Lee Russell, 1932. [85] Maryland has three chapters of the Sons of Confederate Veterans. As a result, the Rebels spent their winters shivering in biting cold and their summers in sweltering, pathogen-laden heat. P ri mary source material documenting the inhumane conditions in Civil War prisoner of war camps abounds. The 120 or so Union soldiers interned there were fed meager yet adequate rations, sanitation was passable, shielding from the elements was provided, and the prisoners were even allowed to play recreational games such as baseball. Request one of the following Speakers Bureau topics through ouronline form! If they should attempt it, the responsibility for the bloodshed will not rest upon me. [3][4] In seven counties, Lincoln received not a single vote.[1]. 69-70. Some narration fills in the material and moves events relentlessly to Civil War. Due to its proximity to the Eastern Theater, the camp quickly became dramatically overcrowded. Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of battlefield preservation. On May 23, 1862, at the Battle of Front Royal, the 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA was thrown into battle with their fellow Marylanders, the Union 1st Regiment Maryland Volunteer Infantry. Early defeated Union forces under Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace.The battle was part of Early's raid through the Modern estimates place the total deaths close to 1,000 men, however, period assessments varied greatly. In other words, the Assembly members could only agree to state that the war was being fought over the issue of secession. My father was the neighborhood air raid warden. William Penn was the largest Civil War camp for the training of officers to lead African American troops. The right to vote was eventually extended to non-white males in the Maryland Constitution of 1867, which remains in effect today. Merrick's fellow judges took up the case and ordered General Porter to appear before them, but Lincoln's Secretary of State Seward prevented the federal marshal from delivering the court order. Coming Soon!! Despite some popular support for the cause of the Confederate States of America, Maryland did not secede during the Civil War. Yes No An official form of the United States government. Civil War veterans did it differently. 127 Maryland, Frederick County, Frederick The Lost Order Shrouded in a Cloak of Mystery Antietam Campaign 1862 After crossing the Potomac River early in September 1862, Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee reorganized the Army of Northern Virginia into three separate wings.