Every couple of hours Joe would ask if I was too tired to carry on, but I insisted on completing the show, Blanc wrote, saying that they recorded about 40 episodes in that manner. Fred Flintstones voice has died. One early episode[22] sees Fred (with Barney, who is a skilled drummer) perform at a nightclub with his musician friend "Hot Lips Hannigan" where his singing caused teenage girls to swoon over him; on this occasion, he was nicknamed the "Golden Smog".
In 1960, he gave vocal life to the bombastic prehistoric cartoon character Fred Flintstone on the prime-time TV series The Flintstones (1960), the character being inspired . Barney Rubble was one of the main characters of the animated TV series The Flintstones. Sign In Wilma Flintstone.
Alan And Henry (Or: The Two Faces Of Fred) - WentyWorld From 1957 to 1958, Reed appeared in a recurring role as J.B. Hafter, a studio boss, on the CBS sitcom Mr. Adams and Eve. Fred is a typical blue-collar worker, who works as a "bronto crane operator" at Slate Rock and Gravel Company (also known as Rockhead and Quarry Cave Construction Company in earlier episodes). He was also the voice of the robot in the original "Lost in Space" TV series. Fred Flintstone. Character player Alan Reed was a strong, gruff, burly presence on '40s and '50s film and TV but he would be best remembered for his equally strong, gruff, distinctive voice on radio and TV.
Ive been having a ball with him.. [17] Still, the series' depiction of Fred as the only child of Ed (a handyman) and Edna (homemaker) Flintstone might be canon. Did Jackie Gleason do the voice of Fred Flintstone? Fred is the husband of Wilma Flintstone and father of Pebbles Flintstone and together the family live in their homely cave in the town of Bedrock. Release Dates [48], Fred Flintstone and Barney Rubble were pitchmen for Winston cigarettes, the show's sponsor at the time. Along with all of the shows,The Flintstones launched multi-million dollar merchandising with Fruity Pebbles cereal and Flintstones vitamins. Wilma is a communicator and a lot of women relate to that, at least I know I do. Reed's radio work included having two roles in Valiant Lady,[7] the role of Solomon Levy on Abie's Irish Rose, as the "Allen's Alley" resident poet Falstaff Openshaw on Fred Allen's NBC radio show, and later on his own five-minute show, Falstaff's Fables, on ABC, as Officer Clancey and other occasional roles on the NBC radio show Duffy's Tavern, as Shrevey the driver on several years of The Shadow, as Chester Riley's boss on the NBC radio show The Life of Riley, as Italian immigrant Pasquale in Life with Luigi on CBS radio, various supporting roles on Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar and The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show, and as Lt. Walter Levinson in several episodes of Richard Diamond, Private Detective. The Flintstones era was never mentioned in the show itself, and most versions of the show depicted it around 1,000,000 B.C. . Listen to our weekly podcast (where we interview famous voice-actors): http://www.saturdaymorningrewind.com/ Follow us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/SaturdayMorningRewind/ Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/saturdayrewind Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/saturdayrewind Visit our website: http://www.saturdaymorningrewind.com/ In 2014, Warner Bros. revived the idea of a theatrical animated Flintstones movie, the first since the box office failure of 2000s The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas. The Beatles. In the 1980's spin-off series, The Flintstone Kids, Betty is a friend of Fred, Barney and Wilma . THE FLINTSTONES DIDN'T COPY THE HONEYMOONERS. The next voice actor was Henry Corden and he was replaced by Lennie . The voice of Fred Flintstone was based on the voice of comedian Jimmy Durante. No. And the reason being is, he just wrote words. Did Jackie Gleason do the voice of Fred Flintstone? But in 1993, Cartoon Network unearthed the pilot, found in a New York storage warehouse. Flintstone. Alan Reed was the voice of Fred Flintstone while Mel Blanc was the voice of Barney Rubble. Ed Benedict was one of The Flintstoness designers. It's well known that the reason Daws Butler briefly voiced the character is that he was filling in while Mel Blanc was recuperating from a devastating car accident. There have been three voice actors for Fred Flintstone.
The most memorable TV show catchphrases | Yardbarker The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas: Dirigido por Brian Levant. (Riley was more closely associated with William Bendix, who originated the role, though Gleason replaced Bendix due to a contract dispute for The Life of Riley's first season on television.) The show probably best remembered for the very special anti-drug episode that aired in prime time, when peer pressure tempted little Wilma Slaghoople to . Alice in Wonderland or What's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This? We were real., Pyl also voiced Rosie the Robot and Mrs. Spacely on The Jetsons, but its Wilma who made her famous.
Voice Actors Of 'The Flintstones' Fred And Barney Were Friends The action you just performed triggered the security solution. In addition to her work on The Flintstones, Vander Pyl is also well-known for her voice work on the original incarnation of The Jetsons, which ran from 1962 to 1963. In the final moments of the classic cartoon The Flintstones, Fred Flintstone can be heard yelling a triumphant "Yabba Dabba Doo!". [4] Eventually, Fred becomes a grandfather to the adult Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm's twins, Chip and Roxy. Elroy creates a time machine in the 1987 television film The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones to transport the family to the future. Classic and satisfying dish with garlic, lemon, and rosemary. For the later part of the second season and onwards, Mel Blanc voiced the character in a lower-pitched, dopey voice. The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. It turns out, they were best friends in real life too! For one thing, Alan Reed was the voice of several other characters on the show, including Barney Rubble and Mr. Reed provided Fred's voice for the entire six-season run of the show, as well as in several spin-off series (The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show, The Flintstone Comedy Hour) and specials. ", a phrase that was originally his club's cheer, and later adopted as part of the theme song from the third season on and used in the 1994 live-action Flintstones film. The spelling with the t in this case is for a clear reason: the show is about cavemen who used flint stones. "; Alan Reed, voice actor who provided Fred's voice from 1960 to 1977, reportedly said the inspiration for the phrase came from his mother, who used to say, "A little dab'll do ya," probably borrowed from a Brylcreem commercial. He would often use these voices to communicate with his family and friends, or to make fun of them. Your IP: Reported Variety on April 13, 1961: [Palm Springs'] Ranch Club's Duke Mitchell, the recorded singing voice of animated Fred Flintstone, will double as a hepcat when Hanna-Barbera roll "Five Cats" pilot next month. Henry Corden, the voice of cartoon caveman Fred Flintstones Yabba dabba doo! for more than two decades, died in Los Angeles on Thursday. Reed died in 1977. In conclusion, watch a scene of the iconic duo Fred and Barney below: Heres What The Flintstones Dodo, Tweety And Foghorn Leghorn Have In Common, Rod Perry, S.W.A.T. & The Autobiography Of Miss Jane Pittman Actor, Dies At 86, FLASHBACK: When Alex Trebek Dressed Up As Gene Simmons From KISS. Meet "The Flintstones," they're a prehistoric family from the town of Bedrock who are best friends with their neighbors in this fictionalized version of the Stone Age. This man rules over the entire city, and he takes care of everything. Main: Roasted chicken with roasted potatoes and green beans.
Who Was The Voice Of Fred Flintstone | Hearinnh [28] Alan Reed was the original voice artist of Fred (minus the original short pilot where he was voiced by Daws Butler, who also voiced him on a 1973 record)[1] until Reed's death in 1977.[29]. Fred's personality was based on those of early television's Ralph Kramden of The Honeymooners and Chester A. Riley of The Life of Riley, both roles held at various times by Jackie Gleason. 144.76.165.149 Alan Reed was the voice of Fred Flintstone while Mel Blanc was the voice of Barney Rubble. Apparently, Alan had been a bit jealous of Mels success before the show. What I've never seen explained, however, is why Mel Blanc . Henry Corden, the voice of cartoon caveman Fred Flintstone's "Yabba-dabba-doo!" for more than two decades, has died. Will lady felicia return to father brown? The first voice of Fred Flintstone was Alan Reed. Fred is a member of the Loyal Order of Water Buffalos Lodge (named "the Loyal Order of Dinosaurs" in an early episode).
Your Guide to the "Diddy Laugh," a Sound Effect That's Been Driving Is Toyota Celica a girl car? Wikipedia sez: Henry Corden (born Henry Cohen; January 6, 1920 - May 19, 2005) was a Canadian-born American actor and singer, best known for taking over the role of Fred Flintstone after Alan Reed's death in 1977. While some people believe that it was the shows creator, Bill Hanna, who provided the voice of Fred, others claim that it was actually the voice of Alan Reed. He is a pet dinosaur of the series' main characters, Fred and Wilma Flintstone. In one ad, Fred and Barney saw the men working hard at the quarry and decided to retire out of sight for a smoke break. Company Credits In 1959, they filmed a 90-second pilot. Thanks, Tyler Shamy, Warner Brothers, Post Cereal. They wind up in trailer parks trying to keep their families together. The voice of Wilma Flintstone was provided by actress Jean Vander Pyl. So many people say, Did you copy The Honeymooners? I said, Well, if you compareThe Flintstones to The Honeymooners, thats the biggest compliment you can give me, Barbera told Emmy TV Legends, but The Honeymooners dont have all the gags that we had in there, including a Stoneway Piano and the Polarrock Camera.
Fred And Barney Meet The Thing Online Full English Voice of Fred Flintstonehas died at 85 - TODAY.com I dont even remember it that well, but Fred and Barney leave their town during a terrible depression and go across the country, or whatever that damn prehistoric thing is, looking for jobs, Mitch Markowitz, one of the earlier writers, said. Informacin detallada del sitio web y la empresa: dsmcoc.com, +14139057460, +12086806590 Des Moines Church of Christ | 1310 NE 54th Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50313 Alan Reed. Which two cartoon characters were voiced by Paul Frees, the cartoon pro famous for voice Boris on "Rocky and Bullwinkle"? Dino loves you!
Watch Hank Azaria Runs Through His Iconic 'Simpsons' Voices and Mo Fred's family grew again in A Flintstone Family Christmas, when he and Wilma adopted an orphaned caveboy named Stony, and despite a rough start, Fred and his new son bonded well. They exhibit moments of heroism and poignancy., On 2016, DC Comics turned Americas favorite modern Stone Age family into comic book heroes with The Flintstones #1.
peteroc.com Informacin detallada del sitio web y la empresa Other relatives of Fred include: Rocco Rockbottom "Rocky/Stony" Flintstone, Fred's grandfather, who was a Camp Mastodon veteran of Air Force Stone World War One;[7] Uncle Giggles Flintstone, a rich, eccentric practical joker whose jokes drive Fred into a mad rage;[10] James Hardrock, Edna's father; Uncle Tex Hardrock, Fred's rich Texan uncle;[9] Tumbleweed and Mary Lou Jim, Fred's rich Texan cousins.[13]. I was told they had a pet, so a dinosaur seemed appropriate, and thats all Dino is: a small dinosaur. Definitely a girl's car. In another first-season episode, "Girls' Night Out", Fred recorded a demo record at a carnival of the song "Listen to the Rocking Bird", which ended up making him a teenage singing idol named "Hi Fye". Alan Reed: 19071977Which character is your favorite from Alan Reed? Fred and Barney joined the Bedrock Fire Dept as a way to get out of the house and have a "Boy's night out". What did Barney . Henry Corden, a veteran character actor and voice-over artist, who in the late 1970s became the voice of Fred Flintstone -- "Yabba-dabba-doo!" -- has died. Pebbles had a catchphrase like her fathers: Yabba-Dabba-Doozie! she and her friends attended Bedrock High School. Corden died of . The whole cast would do readings together and work on the script. [20] The nickname of "Twinkletoes" stuck with him when Fred attended a local university and became eligible to play on their football team, and it became his call sign. [32] Corden voiced Fred's father and mother in The Flintstone Kids, while young Fred was voiced by both Lennie Weinrib and Scott Menville at different points.
The Flintstones (TV Series 1960-1966) - Full Cast & Crew - IMDb Harvey KormanThe Flintstones. Actor: The Flintstones. Let's bid 2020 Yabba-Dab-ADIEU! It was all dialogue.
Redditors who lost a loved one and went trough their belongings, what However, many people believe that Gleason did the voice of Flintstone in some episodes of the show. The cartoon studio had other plans for Mitchell, too. For more than two decades, Henry Corden was the voice of cartoon caveman Fred Flintstones Yabba-dabba-doo! He was 85. The summary reads, Welcome to Bedrock, where Paleolithic humans head to dinner for a taste of artisanal mammoth after shopping at Neandertall & Big Mens Clothing Join Fred and Barney as Mister Slate sends them on a mission to show some Neanderthals a night on the town in hopes of luring them into this new system called working for a livingin Slates Quarry, of course., In 2015, The Flintstones and WWE: Stone Age SmackDown was released direct-to-DVD. | ", April 5, 1932 - June 14, 1977 (his death, 3 children). If you did, you are smarter than I am, and if you knew the teams name was the Water Buffaloes, you get a bonus point. Fred and Barney Meet The Thing. voiced by Jean Vander Pyl. Alice in Wonderland or What's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This? The Flintstones' era was never mentioned in the show itself, and most versions of the show depicted it around 1,000,000 B.C. Click to reveal Still, Fred and Wilma were one of the firstand definitely the first animated couple. After that, the question is how did Fred Flintstone die. DMCA. Sixty years after its launch, primetime TV's first animated series seems even older in some ways . They both recalled that it was quite fun. Later on,The Flintstones started shilling the healthier Welchs grape juice. I loved the bum, Pyl told the Los Angeles Times in 1989. Sure, Fred was a yahoo and I got mad at him all the time. It features Fred and Barney hanging around with animated versions of wrestling stars like John Cena (John Cenastone), Rey Mysterio Jr. (Rey Mysteriopal), and Daniel Bryan (Daniel Byrock).
Why Jackie Gleason Almost Sued the Flintstones - Facts Verse This voice was usually reserved for when he was mad or when he was trying to play the tough guy. Blanc didnt let a 70-day hospital stay deter him too much, and when he got out of the hospital, the cast and crew came to his home to record episodes. Earlier this month, MacFarlane finally said that he was giving up on the project. His character is modeled after Ralph Kramden from The Honeymooners, a 1950s television show, which may explain why the tie was added to make Fred more credible than a clown-like bumbling fool. She commanded enough authority to run the house but kept an equal amount of warmth. [25] Fred's ability to carry a tune was quite good in his younger years. Gilmore Girls Dan Palladino and Family Guys Kara Vallow were supposed to produce the show. Gleason was a well-known actor and had a similar voice to Reed, who did the voice of Flintstone in the original series. The Flintstones (1960 TV Show) Fred Flintstone. Among his other voice roles for Hanna-Barbera was Touch Turtle's sidekick, Dum Dum. These men are known as the "Big Four" who rules over an entire city. So how many voices did Fred Flintstone have? Flintstones source WebRockOnline says the origin of Freds iconic Yabba dabba doo catchphrase came from Alan Reed, who voiced Fred, and reportedly used the line during a recording session. Reeds mother apparently used to say, A little dabll do ya, which inspired Reed. Since then, the project has been quiet.
Voice of Fred Flintstone Dies - CBS News Slate. He was 85 . Reed was "heard regularly on the Crime Doctor series,"[8] and "was the original Daddy to Fanny Brice on Baby Snooks". Ironically, the whole town is made of stonethere are NO FIRES! [citation needed]. Number of seasons: 1 Number of episodes: 26 Overview: Fred and Barney Meet The Thing is a 60-minute Saturday morning animated package show produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions from September 8, 1979 to December 1, 1979 on NBC. He said, Hey, I hear youre having a baby on the show. I said, Yeah, Barbera said. Joe was going more for a neat, cute look, but not cute for its own sake.. In the fifth-season episode "Indianrockolis 500", Fred entered the famed prehistoric auto race under the pseudonym "Goggles Paisano". Between graduating from WHS and entering Columbia, he studied drama at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Barney Rubble . Leave a comment below . He would use this voice to make jokes and to get under peoples skin. He told Hogans Alley that he sketched the characters to look like cave people wearing long beards, with scraggly, unkempt hair and in slightly distorted, hunched-over shapes. Barbera didnt like the designs, so Benedict straightened them up and made them more clean-cut., Barney, as originally designed, had a strap over one shoulder, and when he turned he had a bare shoulder, Benedict said. For several years, Reed toured in vaudeville with his cousin, Harry Green. He gives out jobs and tells people what to do. Collectors on eBay and stuff want my autograph.. Alan Reed (born Herbert Theodore Bergman; August 20, 1907 - June 14, 1977) was an American actor, best known as the original voice of Fred Flintstone on The Flintstones and various spinoff series. Performance & security by Cloudflare. Fred is the husband of Wilma Flintstone and father of Pebbles Flintstone. What year did The Flintstones start? Betty Rubble.
Unedited Groovy Photos That Crossed The Line | Groovy History How do you restart page numbering in Word? Pre-dating The Simpsons by almost 30 years, The Flintstones was the first primetime animated show on TV and, until 1997 when The Simpsons stole the crown, The Flintstones aired the most episodes of any animated show in primetime, with 166 episodes between 1960 and 1966. Fred Flintstone and Barney Rubble. Gleason was a well-known actor and comedian who starred in the TV show The Honeymooners, which is where the connection between him and Fred Flintstone may have begun. Alan Reed: 1907-1977Which character is your favorite from Alan Reed? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He would also use different voices for his wife Wilma and their son Pebbles. The first line of every . Fred and Wilma Flintstone and their neighbors, Barney and Betty Rubble, live in Bedrock during 10,000 B.C. He said, Its been a career. His father was a Lithuanian-Jewish immigrant and his mother was born in the United States to Ukrainian-Jewish parents from Galicia. [9], Billed as Teddy Bergman, Reed appeared on Broadway in Double Dummy (1936), and A House in the Country (1937),[10] and Love's Old Sweet Song (1940).[11]. Do they still make Flintstone push-up pops? But we really loved each other. How old is Fred Flintstone supposed to be right now?
Tiffin Seneca County Ohio Warrants & Most Wanted Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub.
Meet Jean Vander Pyl, the Real Voice Behind Wilma Flintstone There is no definitive answer to this question as both Jackie Gleason and Alan Reed, who did the voice of Fred Flintstone in the original animated series, have passed away. Pebbles Flintstone. It was like the search for the Holy Grail. The pilot finally aired on TV in May of 1994. In the third and fourth seasons, respectively, kids Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm joined the cast. Alan once said, Mel, of course, plays myriad voices [on The Flintstones] besides Barney. 8pm/7pm Central on ABC.
Alan Reed - Wikipedia They had known each other through radio work long before they were both cast as voice actors in The Flinstones. Hanna-Barbera's "The Flintstone Kids", like "Yo, Yogi!" and "A Pup Called Scooby-Doo", followed the late '80s trend of reimagining established cartoon characters as juveniles. Who did the voiceover for Fred Flintstone? The feud was originally started by an ancestor of Fred's making a joke about a Hatrock family portrait ("I don't know what the artist got for doing that painting, but he should've gotten life!"). They had these huge conventions and seminars where collectors collect cels, and the cels with The Great Gazoo on it are worth lots of money. He was a loyal friend and always had Freds back, whether he was dealing with a difficult situation or just having a bad day. I know Im going to get killed for saying this, but Wilma had a great housewife whine to her voice, Pyl said. A possible 3-course menu for 6 people who don't like nuts or seafood is: Starter: Vegetable soup with gluten-free bread. Lastly, Fred had a number of other voices he would use for specific characters or situations.
If it was a girl, we couldve made a hell of a deal. I said, Its is a girl. They sold three million dolls within the first couple of months. [Show Non-English Actors]
The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (2000) - IMDb The cause was emphysema, his longtime agent, Don Pitts, said. Reward: $100,000 Additional Information: Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel is wanted for allegedly killing his wife by striking her multiple times with an object while they were both working at a donut shop in Hanover, Maryland, on April 12, 2015. He also appeared in many films, including Days of Glory, The Tarnished Angels, Breakfast at Tiffany's, Viva Zapata! Some years back, I traveled for Hanna-Barbera, Korman said. Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines, Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show, The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians, The Greatest Adventure: Stories from the Bible, The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Flintstone&oldid=1142133868, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 18:11.
Whose voice was the original voice of fred flintstone? [3] She appeared on stage in the early 1930s and was a chorus member in the original 1934 Broadway production of Anything Goes with Ethel Merman. "Fred Flintstone: A Stone Age Star With A Jewish Voice. As the series progressed, however, his voice became worse and worse (even during his success as a singer, Wilma was never impressed by Fred's voice), eventually to the point that a temporary maid the Flintstones hired quit rather than having to hear Fred sing. According to an article in Entertainment Weekly, producers Keith Barish and Joel Silver commissioned Steven E. de Souza to write a script for a Flintstones movie in 1985. These include Jay North as Fred Flintstone (from the 1980s to the early 1990s), Tony Danza as Fred Flintstone (in the 1994 live-action movie), and Jeff Bergman as both Fred Flintstone and Barney Rubble. To revisit this article, select My Account, then View saved stories. The pilot didnt air, and the name got changed to The Flintstones. [12], In May 1932, Reed married the former Finette Walker[13] (19092005), a Broadway actress whom he met at television station W2XAB (later WCBS-TV) in New York City. In 1993, eight writers wrote a new draft of the script, but only three writers were credited. George O'Hanlon originally auditioned for the role of Fred Flintstone. Fred also had a deep, gravelly voice that he would use to intimidate or scare people. We paid him $3000 and he was terrible, Barbera recalled. A running gag is that Fred argues with Gazoo while Wilma believes that he is talking to himself. The Flintstones: The Rescue of Dino & Hoppy, The Flintstones: Surprise at Dinosaur Peak, The Flintstones: The Treasure of Sierra Madrock, Winston tastes good like a cigarette should, "Hanna-Barbera Characters Talk 'Safety'-on Records", "Flintstones Kids Record SASFATPOGOBSQALT", "George O'Hanlon, 76, George Jetson's Voice", "Voice of Fred Flintstone, Henry Corden dies at 85", "The Day "Alice" Fell Through Her TV: The 1966 HB Special", "The Flintstones' Meet The Orchestra Family (1968)", "Henry Corden, 85; Played Film and TV Heavies, Was Voice of Fred Flintstone", "Voice(s) of Fred Flintstone in Cartoon Network", "Day in the Life of a Voice-Actor: The Fred Flintstone Session", "Voice of Fred Flintstone in Harvey Birdman: Attorney at Law", "Voice(s) of Fred Flintstone in Robot Chicken", "Rick Zieff on Twitter: "Thrilled to be the voice of Fred Flintstone for Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve!
Who performed the Flintstones theme song? - Sage-Advices 166 episodes, 1960-1966 Mel Blanc . Vander Pyl was born in 1919 in Mount Morris, Michigan, and she began her career in radio in the early 1940s. He said it in literally every episode of "The Flintstones," because it was in the opening credits. Just like Ed, Barney was an easy-going foil to Fred's more hard-willed and aggressive nature. The Foodland in the town my great-grandparents lived in had a Flintstones-themed one. While both men have passed away and it is impossible to know for sure who provided the voice of Fred Flintstone, there are a number of factors that seem to suggest that Alan Reed was actually the voice behind the Stone Age patriarch. While many sources claim that Fred and Wilma were the very first couple to share a bed on American television, that title actually belongs to Mary Kay and Johnny, a sitcom that ran from 1947 to 1950. [44] In various Italian dubs, Fred's voice was provided by Italian voice actor Carlo Bonomi. The Flintstones was the first cartoon to feature a pregnant woman on television. (Pops Flintstone was in a comic strip.)[18]. When his boss doesnt believe him, Fred starts to get angry and starts to growl like a caveman. Official Sites
When did Barney Rubble's voice change?